How to understand whether semen analysis lab report is normal or abnormal?

To determine whether a semen analysis report is normal or abnormal, you need to compare the values in the report with the World Health Organization (WHO) 2021 reference values or other standard guidelines.

Key Parameters and Normal Ranges (WHO 2021)

1. Volume: ≥ 1.4 mL

   • Low volume may indicate an obstruction or dysfunction of the seminal vesicles/prostate.

2. Sperm Concentration (Count): ≥ 16 million per mL

   • Low count (oligospermia) can affect fertility.

3. Total Sperm Number: ≥ 39 million per ejaculate

   • A lower total number may indicate reduced fertility potential.

4. Motility (Movement of Sperm)

   • Progressive Motility (actively moving forward): ≥ 30%
   • Total Motility (progressive + non-progressive movement): ≥ 42%
   • If low, it can indicate asthenozoospermia (poor sperm movement).

5. Morphology (Shape and Structure): ≥ 4% normal forms

   • If fewer than 4% are normal, it indicates teratozoospermia (abnormal shape).

6. Vitality (Live Sperm Percentage): ≥ 54%

   • A lower percentage suggests a high number of dead sperm (necrozoospermia).

7. pH: ≥ 7.2

   • A lower pH may indicate issues with the prostate or seminal vesicles.

8. White Blood Cells (WBCs): < 1 million per mL

   • If elevated, it may indicate an infection (leukocytospermia).

Interpreting the Report

• If all values are within normal ranges, the report is considered normal.
• If one or more values are below normal, the report may indicate male infertility or an underlying health issue.

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